How Softball Is An Evolved Sport From Baseball - 2528 Words

Softball is an evolved sport from baseball that originated from Chicago, USA during the 1880’s, initially being a game played indoors. Its significant differences from baseball is that it uses a smaller bat head but a larger ball (2-3 inches bigger) which is also less dense, it has less innings (7 rather than 9). The layout of the field is more or less the same as Baseball with incorporations of the diamond shape and 4 bases. We have chosen softball as our sport as this game isn’t as commonly played in our class and most have foreign or little knowledge. Many know that it is fairly similar to baseball, although, it has it’s differences, we would like to teach and improve some general areas of softball throughout the duration of our coaching clinic. Equipment used: Softball Softball bat Softball glove/mit Bases Batting Helmet Catcher’s equipment (Helmets with face guards, mouth and throat guards, chest plate protectors, shin guards that pass the knees) Goals and aims for our Coaching Clinic: To teach our classmates how to correctly hold, grip and throw a softball, which will help in fielding skills To improve and increase ability of hand-eye coordination, practising at becoming better at catching the softball whilst handling the mitt. Build on teamwork and communication, the peers must learn to effectively signal and communicate amongst each other in order to tag players and achieve the most runs. Game rules: There are 7 innings in a softball game, each having 2 halves.Show MoreRelatedThe Gender Gap Between Men And Women1104 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviour is generally seen within the sports industry. Having co-ed sports teams will be cost effective and enforce equal pay amongst both genders, break and prevent stereotypes and increase girl power and create friendships. Sports leagues and schools have created a divide between genders which ultimately hinders woman athletes to compete at the same level as men. Men and woman should be paid equally, considering that both genders actively participate in the same sport and train equivalently to the sameRead MoreEssay on Japanese Baseball1266 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Baseball Japanese Baseball has existed in Japan since 1873. It first appeared amid the social, cultural and technological spasms Japan endured on the heels of the Meiji restoration. The game began as a club sport; Japans first team was the Shinbashi Athletic Club Athletics (composed mostly of people associated with Japans first railroad which ran from Shinbashi, in Tokyo, to Yokohama). For a relatively good treatment of Japans early baseball history see Robert Whitings Youve GottaRead MoreScheduling Classes, Athletic Events, and Extra Circular Activities1491 Words   |  6 Pageshas many responsibilities in managing a department that has many activities occurring each day. These activities are physical education classes, practice schedules and locations, meeting special needs students, coordinating game schedules for each sport, and finding time to mentor those within the department. Each area presents its own challenge to synergistically work with the available facilities that are availab le. Therefore, to be effective in creating a physical education program and athleticRead MoreHow Sports Networks Changed Over Time?1766 Words   |  8 PagesHow has the sports networks evolved over time? That’s a good question, have you ever thought about that? Like where it all started? Where it began? Who created networks for the world to see? I wonder that because without what they have done we couldn’t be where we are now with technology involving sports networks which would be behind. These people made sports better to watch, see, hear and listen to. Its makes people including me feel like i am at the game even though i may be at home just watchingRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On African American Youth, Intercollegiate, And Professional Level And How Systematic Slavery2136 Words   |  9 PagesSports in America evolved tremendously throughout history, in various ways but some of the more recent illustrations of growth have been media coverage, corporatization, and sport celebritization for example. With this in mind, the argument that is now present within the current sporting model is where is the integrity of sports. My belief is that it was lost in the transition of using sport for a source of entertainment. As the level of competiveness rises the more lucrative and entertaining theRead MoreAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis13423 Words   |  54 Pageslow-cost manufacturers located mainly in South East Asia, except for New Balance who manufactures its athletic shoes in the United States (IndexMundi). After completion of manufacturing, the shoes are distributed out to either brand specific stores, sports stores, department stores, or sold through online sales channels directly to the consumer. In order to create a more complete understanding of the athletic shoe industry, the below graph provides a visual of the market share breakdown by sales volumeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesrelevancy should attract re aders. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University Read MoreCollin Technologies Case Study Essay examples33525 Words   |  135 Pagesorganizations against the 2013–2014 Criteria for Performance Excellence, the application does not address all Criteria requirements or demonstrate role-model responses in all Criteria areas. Please refer to the Collin Technologies Feedback Report to learn how the organization scored and to see its strengths and opportunities for improvement. There is no connection between the fictitious Collin Technologies and any other organization, named either Collin  Technologies or otherwise. Except for several nationalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageswith teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA program and the University of Oregon Executive MBA program. He has been a member of the Portland, Oregon, chapter of the Project Management Institute since 1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna CollegeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Liberalism and The Industrial Revolution - 584 Words

During the Industrial revolution many people started to believe in the idea of Liberalism. At times it was difficult. People were imprisoned or persecuted because of their ideas. Riots even occurred because the government and some of the upper class would not stand for the Liberalists’ new ways to improve society. Aristocrats refused to change their ways. But through it all, liberalists persevered and brought about one of the largest changes in society that we are still experiencing even today. Liberalism started with the ideas of the Enlightenment. Two of these ideas were freedom of speech and freedom of the individual, and kept growing from there. Liberalism is the belief in a small central government and no monarchy. The liberalists defended the ideas of the definitive rights of an individual’s liberty, equality and property. The liberalists wanted their government to be established on written laws and a constitution based on equality. Throughout the whole Liberalism movement, there were many men who stepped forward to debate the idea of a free society. The aristocrats fought back saying that the lower class could not handle taking care of them selves and were not intelligent enough to make important decisions involving government. Others claimed that all men were created equal and should have the same rights and be free to express their ideas. There were pamphlets written and circulated which spread these ideas to people who were eager to hear them. This made theShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution : A Classical Liberalism1261 Words   |  6 Pages The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain bought about significant changes, and had varying impacts on people depending on their economic status. It was a change that spread rapidly widening the gap between the rich and the poor wherever it developed. Although the industrial revolution enhanced production, increased employment opportunities and resulted in high generation of revenues, it also negatively affected various industries given that most of the trust, conglomerate and holdingRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The 19th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesEurope in the nineteenth-century was rapidly evolving into a more modernized society, and many political and cultural ideas were developing during this change. The Industrial Revolution triggered an enormous increase of the standard of living throughout most of Europe and North America. The transformation from the old style of hand made production to the new factory system caused many industries to build factories. This caused many people of the working class to move to the factories in search ofRead More Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesModern Political Thoery and Liberalism The subject given for this paper was to â€Å"assess the alienation from liberalism found in modern and contemporary political theory.† To be honest, I don’t see a correlation with alienating liberalism and modern political thought through the time line of political theory in the 18th and19th century and through the 20th century. So, for this paper, I will prove the opposite. I will show, in my opinion, how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporaryRead MoreCauses Of The Revolutions Of 1848870 Words   |  4 Pages The Revolutions of 1848 were the result of the social, economic, and political stress placed upon Europe during the nineteenth century which caused multiple uprisings to rival the conservative system. Europe, in the early 1800s, saw the Industrial Revolution having a significant impact on previous social and political structures. In addition, the conservative monarchy during the time was fearful of the lower and middle classes establishing power over them, looking at the French Revolution in 1815Read MoreClassical Liberalism Is A Political Philosophy Originated1594 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Liberalism is a political philosophy originated in the 18th century based on the idea of individual liberty created to preserve an open and accepting, and open-minded society. Classical liberalism is very solemn when advocating for the value of freedom in which emphasizes the importance of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets which includes free trade market capitalism, and economi c liberalism. Up until around the 1900s, this ideology was commonly known as Liberalism, however,Read MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society1513 Words   |  7 Pages The concept of liberalism is one that is greatly misunderstood in today’s society. Liberalism is often associated with a welfare state, and overregulation by the government. At the roots of this philosophy, however, you can find ideas that are actually associated with a more modern conservative ideological standpoint. Liberalism is typically credited to John Locke (1632- 1704), an English philosopher. In his book â€Å"The Two Treatises of Government† Locke proposed the ideas that every person (man)Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pageshistory. One of the greatest and most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influencedRead MoreLiberalism And Its Influence On Society1329 Words   |  6 PagesLiberalism: where â€Å"people understand their own business, and their own interests better, and care for them more, than the govern ment does or can be expected to do†, as defined by John Mill. Many individuals considered this ideology as the solution to their political, economic, and possibly their social needs; where a renewed acknowledgement of human worth and rationality materialized. Citizens were given the opportunity to delve and pursue their own desires of wealth without any government involvementRead MoreRomanticism Response To The Industrial Revolution702 Words   |  3 PagesRomanticism was a response towards the industrial revolution. The movement rejected the idea of reason that gripped the educational masses of earlier 18th century Europe. Romaticism idolized the unknown and the idea of personification. As romanticism started to dwindle in the mid 1800’s innovative ideas formed. The new movements that evolved from Romanticism are Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism. Liberalism didn’t start out as a reactionary or branch off from the romanticism period, insteadRead MoreResistance to Liberalism Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesHEAD: RESISTANCE TO LIBERALISM The Justification of Resisting Liberalism Liberalism, in general, was an ideological movement that emerged out of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century. It embraced the ideas of individualism which were established in the Renaissance and Reformation era. The Renaissance period sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society. It helped promote the beliefs of classical liberalism which gradually

New Product and Services of Woolworths-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Develop Formal Business Plan around the business idea that you would implement. Answer: Introduction This report represents the business plan for Woolworth Limited. This business plan explains the vision, mission, and business background of the Woolworth Limited. It discusses the promotional techniques, marketing strategies, target market, and target consumers of Woolworth limited. This business plan also shows the action plan and budgets for Woolworth limited. It also demonstrates the operation plan for Woolworth limited (Bush and Glover, 2016). Description of Company Woolworth Limited is famous supermarket organization in Australia. It contracts with more than 995 stores across the Australia and operates with 116,000 employees. It enables group member to provide the wide range, convenience, value to their consumers, and high quality. An organization sources 100% of fresh meal and 97% of fresh fruit from the local farmer or grower of Australia (Spano-Szekely, et al., 2016). It feels good to the consumers who live in Australia by providing the organic foods product and services. Business idea Woolworth will launch organic food delivery app for the consumer who give priority to organic food. It could also be supportive to provide the healthy lifestyle. This app could be beneficial for both consumers and retailers view point because it offers the simply access and complete the consumer need and also develop more profit for Woolworth. This organic app will have certain features like location that will show the nearby supermarket, add to cart option, return option, pickup order, and product contains. Moreover, the consumer will be capable to get their desire product and services through this app (Abu-Shamaa, et al., 2015). Vision statement Woolworth limited offers an innovative app to their potential consumers for delivering services in limited time. Mission The main objective of the use of Woolworth app is to reach the organic food products to their specified consumer in less time and cost. Objectives To provide the quality service as compared to the competitors. It offers the service at a reasonable cost as compared to the competitors. Market Analysis Woolworth Limited can categorize their consumer on behalf of certain factors like demographic factor and behavioral factor (Ramli and Desa, 2014). These factors are discussed below: Customer demographics/ segmentation Woolworth Limited organization should provide quality product and services to their potential consumers. Due to this, the company can categorize their consumer on behalf of age, income, interest, and lifestyle. It could be effective for enhancing the financial performance of an organization. Moreover, an organization should offer 23% of minimum discount to the government employee at weekend (Wilderom, et al., 2015). An organization can segment their consumer on behalf of age like it can categorize the 16-26 and 26-39 years of individuals. Woolworth limited can choose this age group of individuals to provide the quality product at reasonable prices. It can also categorize their consumer on behalf their requirements as it could be significant to influence the consumer buying behavior (Ding, and George, 2014). Behavioural Segmentation Woolworth Limited can categorize their potential customers on behalf of their behavior regarding organic food product and services. An organization should classify their potential consumers to provide discount and retain them for long period. As a result, an organization would be capable to attract a large number of consumers in less time (Gephart and Marsick, 2016). Target market strategy Undifferentiated marketing strategy is used by Woolworth limited to make a unique image in the market.From this strategy, an organization can develop one product and influence their predetermined consumers by using single marketing mix. This strategy could be imperative for the organization because it helps to eliminate the fluctuation issue. It is also illustrated that Woolworth limited should execute this marketing strategy to deal with market variation issues (Sanda, et al., 2016). Moreover, the marketing strategy could also be vital for influencing the consumer buying behavior. Consequently, an organization will be capable to enhance their financial performance. The targeting strategy could be supportive to attract a large number of customers, which can affect the existing condition of the firm. Further, an organization should also use digital marketing tools to simply attract consumers. The primary aim of this strategy is to launch the goods and services amongst a huge number of consumers (Leow, et al., 2015). Key customers Woolworth limited can target their consumers on behalf of certain elements like demographic and behavioral. An organization should use the geographic factor by which they can segment those consumers who live in the urban area of Australia. Through the demographic factor, Woolworth limited will target both genders of consumers such as female and male because the organic food products are taken by both genders (ArunKumar, 2014). The company will consider 16-26 and 26-39 years of people to spread the awareness regarding product and services, which could influence the consumer buying behavior. Woolworth Limited will entail both level of people like upper and medium for enhancing the sale of product and services (Hollensen, 2015). Position your products and services Positioning plays an imperative role to improve the financial performance of the firm. It is also illustrated that once a company can make their unique image in the market consequently they can attract a huge number of consumers. Woolworth limited should provide an attractive discount on their product and services to their consumer for enhancing the growth of the firm. Further, this strategy will also help the organization to make a different image in the marketplace (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). Competitors There are different key competitors of Woolworths Ltd named Metcash Limited, ALDI Stores Supermarkets Pty Ltd, and Wesfarmers Limited. These firms deliver certain services like financial, beauty product, homeware, footwear, and groceries services to their potential consumers. Besides this, Woolworths Limited provides the organic food delivery services to their consumers (Armstrong, et al., 2015). Organic food delivery app will enable the organization to offer comfortable delivery options to their consumers like COD (cash on delivery), and OPD (online payment delivery). It should offer cost-effective organic food product and services that differentiate their image from the competitors in food retail industry (Keller and Kotler, 2016). SWOT Analysis Strengths Cost-effective Operation simplicity Quality product and services Decentralized structure Weaknesses Higher price Customer services (post-services) Lack of consumer satisfaction Opportunities Continue expansion Use of innovative techniques Customer relationship Threats Competitors pricing Changes in the technology Low brand loyalty Changes in the government food subsidies Management team Following chart shows the organizational structure of Woolworth Limited: (Source: Foxall, 2014). From the above chart, it is analyzed that marketing manager and office manager will report to the owner of the organization regarding their work. The event coordinator, salesperson, receptionist, and marketing manager will contact to both marketing and office manager. Thus, it is illustrated that marketing manager and office manager will assist the behavior and performance of subordinates and improve their performance through diverse tools and techniques (Foxall, 2014). Management Team The management team of an organization will make their best effort to gain the productivity of firm and enhance their profitability. The management team could be asset for the organization because they support to meet the organizational goal and gain competitive benefit. Names of owners Percy Christmas, Stanley Chatterton, Cecil Scott Waine, George Creed, and Ernest Williams are the founders of Woolsworth Limited. In addition, Gordon Cairns is a chairman of Woolworths Limited. Brad Banducci is a CEO of the organization. They are the key people in the organization. Details of management and ownership The owner of the organization will assist the CEO of the company to operate the business. Each key people of an organization play an imperative role in the workplace (Miquel-Romero, et al., 2014). The responsibility of CEO is discussed as below: Role in the business They support to develop the strategy of the company for enhancing the profitability of the organization. CEO leads the employee to implement the long and short-term strategy of an organization. T CEO leads human resource manager to hire the employee and terminate the employee on behalf of the norms and policy of the organization. The CEO ensures the expenditure or expenses on behalf of the budget of an organization. CEO evaluates the risk of the organization to enhance the growth of the firm. CEO makes policy to control the internal structure of an organization. They also help to make an effective relationship with consumers by directly communicate with a shareholder, stakeholder, consumers, and employee. It can support to gain the productivity of the firm. CEO contacts with the Chairmen to decide the time and place for conducting a meeting with the shareholder. Experience Gordon (Chairman): He has more than 30 years of experience in the retail sector. Brad (Managing Director): He has over 25 year of experience in the retail and 15 years of experience as a leading retails (Chernev, 2014). Products/services Product/Service Description Price Woolworth food app Through this, an individual would be capable to purchase goods and services of an organization on their desired time and place. It could be vital to deal a large number of people in less time and adequate resources. $8.0 Marketing Plan The marketing plan will support the organization that what will be achieved in the future. It will also help to gain the productivity of organization in the adequate resources. The following table demonstrates the marketing plan of Woolworth limited: Channel type Products/services Percentage of sales (%) Advantages Disadvantages Internet and Direct mail Woolworth organic food app To enhance the sale of organization by 15% through Woolworth app This app will support to directly deal with consumers for selling their product and services. Through this app, the organization will offer the organic food in the adequate time and cost to their potential consumers. An organization will face many challenges during the launching of product and services in the marketplace like cost and lack of skilled employee to influence the employee. An organization will use the digital marketing tools to spread the awareness towards the product and services of organization and get a competitive benefit. Advertising and sales Woolsworthlimited will use many kinds of promotional strategy to promote their product and services. The following table shows the promotional strategy of Woolworth organic food app: Planned promotion /advertising type Expected business improvement Cost ($) Target date An organization will use certain promotional methods such as print media advertising, mail-out, social media campaign, digital marketing tools and techniques, online advertising, and media release. It will support to collect the opinion and perception of consumers regarding product and services. It will help to spread the awareness towards the product and services among the competitors. As a result, the company will gain their productivity and profitability of an organization. $500,000 21 Jan 2018 Sales and marketing objectives An organization should believe that consumers are a valuable asset for the firm. The organization should use digital marketing tools to which directly community with consumers. It will also help the firm to understand the actual need and interest of people, which can lead to enhance the sale of an organization. KPI (Key Performance Indicators and timeframe) Key Performance Indicators and timeframe timeframe Sales target of $12,000 Monthly Financial Plan The following table demonstrates the financial plan for Woolsworth organic food app: New Organic food delivery service (Woolworths): Resource Requirements Resources Amount ($) Stores and Supplies 30,000.00 Machinery 40,000.00 Equipment 30,000.00 Food delivery man (10 workers*$4,000) 40,000.00 Human resource manager (2 officials*$10,000) 20,000.00 Working capital 40,000.00 Total Start-up cost 200,000.00 Legal Requirements An organization should consider different kinds of laws such as goods and services tax administration act 1999, labor law, Competition and consumers act 2010, and specific business laws. These laws will help the organization to attract a huge number of consumers and retain them for the long term. Moreover, it could be effective to enhance the growth of an organization and make a unique image in the market (Armstrong, et al., 2015). Operations In the operation, an organization should consider different components such as production process, suppliers, plant and equipment. These are discussed as below: Production process Different parties will be involved to deliver the organic food service through Woolworth organic food apps such as distributions, retails, and wholesaler and delivery boy. Suppliers The distributions, retails, shopkeeper, and wholesaler will be supplier of organization, Plant and equipment Equipment Purchase date Purchase price Running cost Personnel computer Van 18/dec/2017 19/dec2017 $2100 $2000 $80 month $50 month An organization should use the advanced technology to launch their product and services in the specified market. It will also help the organization to make flexible operating process in the working place. This app will be effective for each season because the organic food can be consumed in all season. An organization should consider many communication channels for promoting their product and services such as digital marketing tool, telephone, direct marketing, telephone, direct and mail (Keller and Kotler 2016). These communication techniques will aid the organization to develop a robust relationship with the consumer and enhance their sale in adequate time and cost. Woolworth limited will use many kinds of payments method like Paypal, cash credit, cheque, and gift card. It will also enable the consumer to select the payment method as their convenience. Woolworth can also make a credit policy to avoid the uncertainty regarding credit and make a favorable relationship with customers. As a result, the company would be capable to generate their profitability. The company should also make and policy towards the warranty and refund to develop a unique image among the market players and get competitive benefits. Woolworth limited will obtain the higher profit from such kinds of policies. The company will also determine the quality of product that will be delivered to the consumers (Miquel-Romero, et al., 2014). Through this, an organization could be capable to enhance the productivity and gain competitive benefit in less time. Implementation Plan An organization will use the implantation plan to launch their new product and services. It could be imperative to gain the profitability and productivity of an organization in the adequate time and cost. The following table shows the implementation plan for Woolworth Limited: Activities Timelines Responsible person To enhance the gross profit and sales revenue of organization Selection of skilled person Improve the skills of employee through training and development method 6 months 5 months Human resource manager of company Keep superiority of goods and services Audit of preferred supplier product quality Quarterly Chief operating officer Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the company will use the STP strategies to categorize their customers for offering organic food products wherein it will segment 16-26 and 26-39 years of individuals of urban area to provide their services. It can also be summarized that an organization will also use the digital marketing tools such as Youtube, Facebook, Twitter, and snapchat to directly communicate with consumer and spread the awareness towards their product. It can also be explained that Internet and Direct mail method will be used by the organization to directly converse with targeted consumer. Finally, it can be concluded that total start-up cost for developing organic food delivery app would be $200,000.00. References Abu-Shamaa, R., Al-Rabayah, W. A., and Khasawneh, R. T. (2015)The effect of job satisfaction and work engagement on organizational commitment,IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,14(4), P. 7. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., and Brennan, R. (2015) Marketing: an introduction. USA: Pearson Education. ArunKumar, S. (2014)An Empirical Study: Relationship between Employee Motivation, Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment, International Journal of Management and Business Research,4(2), pp. 81-93. Baker, M. J., and Saren, M. (Eds.). (2016)Marketing theory: a student text. USA: Sage. Bush, T., and Glover, D. (2016) School leadership and management in South Africa: Findings from a systematic literature review,International Journal of educational management,30(2), pp. 211-231. Chernev, A. (2014)Strategic marketing management. USA: Cerebellum Press. Cherry, B., and Jacob, S. R. (2016)Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, and management. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Ding, F., Li, D., and George, J. F. (2014)Investigating the effects of IS strategic leadership on organizational benefits from the perspective of CIO strategic roles,Information and Management,51(7), pp. 865-879. Foxall, G. (2014) Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). UK: Routledge. Gephart, M. A., and Marsick, V. J. (2016) Strategic organizational learning. USA: Berlin, Germany: Springer. Hollensen, S. (2015) Marketing management: A relationship approach. USA: Pearson Education. Keller, K. L., and Kotler, P. (2016) Marketing management. USA: Pearson. Leow, K. L., Bahron, A., and Kong, V. (2015) Organizational commitment in the hypermarket industry: Today, tomorrow, and days to come,International Journal of Business and Information,6(2). Miquel-Romero, M. J., Caplliure-Giner, E. M., and Adame-Snchez, C. (2014) Relationship marketing management: Its importance in private label extension,Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp. 667-672. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. USA: Sage publications. Ramli, A., and Desa, N. M. (2014)The relationship between servant leadership and organizational commitment: The Malaysian perspectives,International Journal of Management and Sustainability,3(2), pp. 111-123. Sanda, M. A., Sanda, M. A., Kuada, J., and Kuada, J. (2016)Influencing dynamics of culture and employee factors on retail banks performances in a developing country context,Management Research Review,39(5), pp. 599-628. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015) Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. USA: Routledge. Spano-Szekely, L., Griffin, M. T. Q., Clavelle, J., and Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2016)Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in nurse managers.Journal of Nursing Administration,46(2), pp. 101-108. Wilderom, C. P., Hur, Y., Wiersma, U. J., Berg, P. T. V., and Lee, J. (2015) From manager's emotional intelligence to objective store performance: Through store cohesiveness and sales?directed employee behavior,Journal of organizational behavior,36(6), pp. 825-844

Singer Vs Regan Essays - Animal Rights, Animal Welfare, Bioethics

Singer Vs Regan Tom Rybak Phil 340-01 2000-02-03 Singer vs. Regan Despite their rather different philosophical foundations, both philosophers arrive at basically the same conclusions. Singer takes a utilitarian approach, while Regan takes a deontological rights and inherent value position. In the end they both take a position of vegetarianism and advocated banning animal experimentation and sport hunting. In an exchange of letters in the April 25, 1985 issue of The New York Review of Books, Regan writes: Singer and I have been independently applying and developing very different ethical theories to ... the treatment of non-human animals. He continues that it is difficult to exaggerate the radical moral difference between Singer's utilitarianism and the rights view. At the end of Singer's reply to Regan, Singer mentions: The practical value of Regan's book (All the dwell Therein) lies in its attack on our social practices of using animals as research tools and as mere lumps of palatable living flesh. On these practical issues Regan and I are in full agreement. Viewed from the perspective of a society which continues to accept these practices, the philosophical differences between us hardly matter. In 1975, Australian philosopher Peter Singer wrote a book called Animal Liberation. In this book Singer argued that humans should not use animals, all based on utilitarianism. Utilitarians say actions should be judged strictly by their consequences. An action is good if it will provide the greatest benefit to the largest number of individuals. Singer did not stop there, and said that when we calculate consequences, we must take into account the interests not only of human beings but also of animals. If we fail to consider these animals' interests, or if we give human beings special consideration, we are guilty of speciesism. To Singer, animal research is morally acceptable if the benefits to humans or animals used clearly outweigh the harm to the animals used in the research. He usually concludes that the cost to the animals outweighs the benefit to others. Singer's contender, Tom Regan set forth another animal rights view in a 1983 book, The Case for Animal Rights. Regan emphasizes that not only people, but also many animals are entitled to certain rights. He bases his reasoning on the idea that both humans and animals have an elementary understanding of the world and know generally what they desire from life. Regan's rights-based philosophy says that most mammals older than one year qualify for basic rights. Furthermore, Regan argues that it is wrong for humans to use animals for their own needs and in general, to deprive animals of their rights. Regan disagrees with Singer's utilitarian program for animal liberation. Regan allocates intrinsic value to animals and humans. This value describes the animals', or human's right to life and concern for them. Regan feels that the utilitarian view lacks this intrinsic value. In addition, he states the goals of his theologies: The total abolition of the use of animals in science, the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture, and the total elimination of commercial and sport hunting and trapping. In addition, he sees Singer's utilitarian view noted above, failing on two accounts. First, utilitarianism is concerned only with the desires of a being, e.g. such as the desire for pleasure. At the same time the view takes no regard for the inherent worth of these beings (human or animal). Second, Regan emphasizes the problem of utilitarianism that it would be morally permissible to arbitrarily make an individual suffer for the benefit of the greater good. Regan issues that the best theory of morality will be one that grants rights to all beings who have inherent worth. This prevents morality from becoming an exclusive club as in contractarianism, and does not allow individuals to be exploited on behalf of the greater good. Regan explains that a being has inherent worth when it is a subject of a life, or when the being has preferences, beliefs, feelings, recollections, and expectations. It has been noted that many animals exhibit these features and therefore have inherent worth. Regan criticizes alternative criteria of inherent worth. To say that only intelligent beings have inherent worth will exclude infants and mentally impaired people, which is inadequate. To say that only Homo Sapiens have

The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Essay Example

The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Essay Example The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Paper The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Paper The Catholic Church had a positive and a negative role depending on the situation also who is the Pope at the time. Puis VIII abolished Napoleonic legal codes as well as cancelling uniform weights, measures, laws some were seen as unreasonable such as abandoning street lightening, and vaccinations. Nevertheless it is through mutual feelings that people unite whether it is positive or negative. The Italians wanted to get rid of Austrian rule over their state; this was the main reason for unification. The church did play appositive role which was mostly influenced by Pope Puis IX who allowed thousands of political prisoners to be released. The fact that he was liberal was very promising as his views comprehended with those who wanted change and by having an authority figure like the Pope was very beneficial to the cause of unifying Italy. He was in power when the Vienna settlement was issued. Through it the Pope received the Papal States. He then abolished the Napoleonic legal code, therefore it was no longer fair and also downgraded women s it was not based on rank. Another result of it was the increase of power in government he had. His new rules also include only ecclesiastical being allowed in government. This therefore meant any changes that occurred had to be approved by the church first. It also means liberal ideas were never presented so therefore never approved. Having control over government allowed the church to have control over the whole country, this was evident by the laws he abolished. Consequently Italy as progressing backwards as they were getting rid of advances that had been made under Napoleonic rule. Possibly because of the fact that they may have felt threatened by the advances made leaving the Italians feeling more secure and better off which they didnt want for them. Also this way the Italians would have come to clear terms with the church had taken over as well as the Austrians. Since they both supported each other as well as hating the French who imposed a big threat to them because they were a super power and preferred by the rest of Italy, compared to them. The Napoleonic times were mostly hated by the church and the Pope as their power was seriously reduced as there was a new representative government and standardised laws were introduced. It was these times when Italy was grouped as three States that there was a sense of nationalism that had been divided by the Vienna settlement and the Pope. They made sure all the Napoleonic advances were destroyed when Italy became once again totally divided. This therefore had a negative effect on unification. Nevertheless Italians werent prepared to live under such circumstances. Which lead to secret societies being set up like the carbonari promoting unification in Italy. Although the church had a negative effect it was through this that Italians felt that unification was a possible solution, in allowing the negativity of the Pope to promote unity. Since the church had control over Italy more Italians wanted unity rather than being under the control of the church and Austria. Press censorship was introduced by the church and they had power over education in piedmont also courts. In education the subject modern history wasnt taught as they felt it was to dangerous allowing the young generation to gain revolutionary ideas. The law courts were unfair and bias in their verdicts. It was this hatred the church caused that unity was considered. Another negative effect was caused by Pope Gregory XVI who was considered to be anti-reformist. Mainly due to the fact of him requesting help from Austria when the there revolts in the Papal States. This therefore meant his anti reform were also imposed on others greatly as he had so much power over Catholics. This was common for him to have so much power and influence the view of others who believed and supported his view which is why in 1846, Pope VXI came into power many Italians were pleased. The new pope was promoting unity. Firstly hew was liberal and he began realising the need for reform. Which is why thousands of political prisoners were released from prison and hundreds returned from exile. There was also fair representation in government with laymen not just church people. Plans for street lighting and railways were being put in place. An electrical constructive assemble was set up and freedom of the press was reintroduced. All of this promoted unification as Italians felt that the Pope would be a suitable candidate for the leader of the new state. The Pope was said to be a follower of Gioberti, who believed Italy should become a confederation headed by the Pope and as writher such as Gioberti and Balbo had influences this meant their ideas were considered. As the Pope was supporting liberalism he had gone against the Austrians very much as compared to Pope Puis VIII. When Charles Alberts arm declared war on Austria, the pope became reluctant to this idea as he believed that he could not declare war on another catholic country. This resulted in a negative effect toward unity as he was considered to be the leader of it all. It also meant that support was lost for the unification process especially by those who considered religion more important than political freedom. When the Popes chief minister was assonated it resulted in the pope fleeing which allowed a government to be set up in his presences. A constitution was called and Rome was declared a republic, so it was the end of temporal power as the Pope no longer in charge. However it did not last long as the Pope gained outside help from France and Spain who went an army of 20,000. Garibaldi and Mazzini both tried to defend Rome but it was taken over by the French and the power was handed back to the Pope. Cavour felt to achieve unity the Pope had to be eliminated and the idea of him leading a confederation. He did this by suppressing the church as he knew they may increase in their power i. . take over or stop piedmont from taking over as they were against a unified Italy. This lead to 152 monasteries and 1700 benefices removed also the influence of the church was restricted. This allowed piedmonts control to be increased and therefore allowing piedmont to take over as the head of Italian unification. Once piedmont had gained control of Rome and Venetia it meant their constituencies were adapted. This was largely hated by the Pope as he believed it was not the efficient way to run a catholic country. Catholics were forbidden to have any political links with the kingdom and many religions a s it would mean you could go to hell. The pope also became more hostile to the Italians state in 1864 he published syllables of error in which he condemned everything which was modern. By 1870 the pope was still against the new state and also remained in the Vatican. He also published the doctrine of Papal Infallibility in which the freedom of religion was apposed. Consequently the church had a great influence in Italys role of unification, it can be said that their role was mostly negative. Especially from the start when all Napoleonic laws were abolished and the church was mostly pleased with its new found power. This meant that unification was very much not promoted as it would mean a decrease in their power. They had a negative role till the very end when the Pope was ready to lead a unified Italy in 1846 was against the unified State in 1861 and he also excommunicated the rules. Even though they had a negative role this added the hatred allowing Italians to consider other opinions. However this is not as strong as having a possible role for promoting unification. A role that did not occur or was not present as much.

Free Essays on Twins

Persuasive Essay Twins are a lot more common in today’s society than they were 50 years ago. Many people wonder if they would even like to have a twin. Most twins find they love it and it is helpful in many different aspects of life. Therefore it is better to have a twin. Competition between twins is often feared, although most twins would say they find it very beneficial. For example, competition is helpful in ones academics. Having the other twin come home with a better grade on a test encourages the other in a challenging way to do just as well, if not better. Twins a lot of times tease each other on who gets the better grade creating a healthy competition that motivates one another. Sports also create healthy competition helping one another excel. Twins know one another’s level of talent. As a result each one can push the other to their full potential. Another way in which twins are competitive is in relationships. Twins often compare themselves on who has more friends. If one twin is considered more popular, competition arises. Twins are constantly being compared to each other; therefore, they are usually quite competitive with one another. Most people do not like to share, however twins find it very beneficial. Twins find that by sharing clothes they have a greater variety and more to pick from. If each twin purchases a pair of pants, it is like getting two new pairs of pants instead of just one. Not only can twins share clothes but they can share chores as well. When mom leaves a list, it takes less effort and time having two people to get the list done. While one is dusting the other can vacuum, getting two jobs done at once. Twins share money as well. This comes in handy because if one does not have enough money to buy something him or her wants, the other can help out with the rest. By putting money together each twin can get what they want. Sharing is something that both twins can benefit... Free Essays on Twins Free Essays on Twins Persuasive Essay Twins are a lot more common in today’s society than they were 50 years ago. Many people wonder if they would even like to have a twin. Most twins find they love it and it is helpful in many different aspects of life. Therefore it is better to have a twin. Competition between twins is often feared, although most twins would say they find it very beneficial. For example, competition is helpful in ones academics. Having the other twin come home with a better grade on a test encourages the other in a challenging way to do just as well, if not better. Twins a lot of times tease each other on who gets the better grade creating a healthy competition that motivates one another. Sports also create healthy competition helping one another excel. Twins know one another’s level of talent. As a result each one can push the other to their full potential. Another way in which twins are competitive is in relationships. Twins often compare themselves on who has more friends. If one twin is considered more popular, competition arises. Twins are constantly being compared to each other; therefore, they are usually quite competitive with one another. Most people do not like to share, however twins find it very beneficial. Twins find that by sharing clothes they have a greater variety and more to pick from. If each twin purchases a pair of pants, it is like getting two new pairs of pants instead of just one. Not only can twins share clothes but they can share chores as well. When mom leaves a list, it takes less effort and time having two people to get the list done. While one is dusting the other can vacuum, getting two jobs done at once. Twins share money as well. This comes in handy because if one does not have enough money to buy something him or her wants, the other can help out with the rest. By putting money together each twin can get what they want. Sharing is something that both twins can benefit...

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis - Case Study Example Whereas Mary Ellen didn’t see that donating was a disadvantage for the new company to, it needed to expand the profit. While the company experienced a tremendous growth, Mary Ellen could not do everything by herself and when TMT grow to 35 franchisees, Mary Ellen asked her daughter, Melanie, for assistance. Bringing her own experience to the business, Melanie saw a need in introducing formal control into the franchise system. While Mary Ellen was lenient in running a business, franchisees were allowed to pay the royalty payments at a convenient time. However, Melanie felt that TMT brand needed protection of its values and that the royalty rate was low. The decision to raise the royalty rate from 4% to 6% caused conflicts between franchisee, because they were taking advantage of the loopholes in the agreement made by Mary Ellen. Besides, some franchisees threatened to use the name of TMT and its logo without paying for it. They were litigated in the court by Melanie’s request, which resulted Melanie herself serious problem of spending legal costs in excess of $600,000. Despite the complications, the court upheld the TMT franchise agreement, returning two out of six franchisees. The issue with the court gave business owners understanding of the need in better assessing and choosin g of franchisees. Besides, the new level of discernment was brought for the review of prospective franchisees. From being painfully shy, Mary Ellen became the primary PR machine of the business, appearing on CNN and writing articles for the newsletters as for franchisees and employees of the company. Being deeply devoted to the business, she still prefers doing things for the kids, recognizing future customers in them. She also manages to exceed its customers’ expectations value and high standard of satisfaction by arranging meetings on the weekly

Industrial Revolution for World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial Revolution for World History - Essay Example This open the floodgates of a demand from railways and industries also developed but even now wherever required for technological edge they are imported from other countries. In United States of America the industrialization since developed as late as 18th century and industrialization and scientific discoveries and innovations developed faster than the developing countries. The epoch gave advent to mechanization and opened vistas for many scientific and technically qualified people for augmentation of production to meet market demands. The various bottlenecks that were encountered in the processes of production were taken care of from the angles of stopping production lines from running and creating problems for various customers. The industries later realized the economics of economies as well as diseconomies of scale based on small scale and large scale production (McNeese, 2000). The course of world history has taken a new direction that would encompass encouragement of exports as well as opening up departmental stores and multiple chain shops. This tantalizes various customers covering wide range of products that are normally desired and demanded during the normal course in lives. The capabilities of the industries would also develop opportunities that would encompass exploration of various avenues for the development of products and market inciting queries and enquiries from multitudes of customers. The course of history has undergone a dramatic change and many countries have followed suit with the infusion of technology that would pave the way for creation of good amount of contribution to the national exchequer. The countries can flourish with ever growing opportunities that would further augment the prospects of inflow of foreign exchange, joint venture proposals as well as creating an embodiment of a growing awareness for achievement of a strategic and technological edge in offering customers value for money

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice, Education and Leadership The Institute of Medicine of the National Academics in Conjunction with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched a campaign to provide solutions in response to the need for evaluating and alteration of the nursing profession. Future needs of our growing population from diverse cultures and demographics dictate the need for registered nurses to adapt and transform in response to advances in health care. This is done by promoting health with most favorable, efficient patient outcomes centered on patient care. The limitation of nursing practices today prevents nurses from effectively responding to the continuously evolving, rapidly changing, health care system which compromises patient safety and optimal outcomes. The IOM and RWJF determined four key messages in their discussions. Nurses should practice to their full potential regarding education and training. Higher levels of education and training should be attained through an improved and seamless academic program. Nurses should play an important role along with medical doctors and other health care professionals in reforming health care. Health care informatics and data collection need improvement to facilitate development of policy and efficient workforce planning. These suggested reforms will certainly impact nursing education, nursing practice, and the nurse’s role as a leader ( IOM, 2011). The foundation of the IOM’s report is to restructure nursing roles to become more efficient, cost effective, and adaptable in response to the growing population and technological advances seen in health care. Education is the key to preparing nurses for the new roles and responsibilities they will encounter. The expanded roles and expectations of the nurse call for educational reform as well. Incorporation of competencies at the educational level include leadership, basic health policy, evidence based care, quality improvement, and systems thinking ( IOM, 2011). The goal of the IOM is to increase the  number of nurses with Bachelors Degrees to eighty percent by the year 2020. Some bariers to this goal are as follows. There is a shortage of faculty, placement for students to perform clinical duties is limited, lack of competent programs to prepare nurses for higher degrees and technological advaces in patient care, and lack of workforce planning. Workforce planning is the competence of an organization to meet emerging needs. Educational institutions are not meeting these needs due to cost and qualified fculty (Wikipedia, 2014). As a result clinical experience is imperitive for fulfilling educational needs. The advent of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 endorses a shift from treatment of patients in an acute care setting to focusing on management and prevention of chronic illness. There is evidence based practice to suggest a more holistic approach which involving patient and family centerd care is more effective in treating patients rather than the hospital or healthcare model (Holmes, 2011). Due to this new model the IOM encourages nurses to advance education to the fullest extent, continue and maintain education to develop new competencies, and reform nursing school curriculum to meet these new patient care delivery models (Holmes, 2011). The IOM suggests that it is imperitive that nurses are able to practice to the full extent of their education and training ( IOM, 2011). As the population grows, physicians will not be able to perform at a competent level and provide complete patient care without a substantial number of nurses. Reliance on nurses is necessary to reform the health care system. Barriers such as regultatory restrictions regarding scope of practice, professional resistance by physicians, and insurance company reimbursment pactices hinder RNâ⠂¬â„¢s and Advanced Practice Nurse’s from practicing to the full extent of their education and compromise patient outcomes (Richard Ridge, 2011). Autonomy is an issue in some states regarding APN’s role. Some states require physician oversight to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make referrals. Compensation for services is also an concern. Independent insurance providers, Medicaid, and Medicare compensate APN’s at reduced rates or not at all and may not cover prescribed prescriptions unless a physician signs off. Professional resistance is also an problem. The Scope of Practice Partnership lobbies against state expansion of the APN’s role stating they lack medical education, clinical knowledge and cognitive and technical skills which are acquired only in medical school ( IOM, 2011). These restrictions make it difficult to meet the demands of patient care. Outdated insurance practices also pose an obstacle by restricting insurance reimbursement to APN’s. Some recommendations to remove these barriers include conforming scope of practice regulations from state to a national level. Enlighten medical doctors on the future of health care and the need for autonomous APN’s. Providing information about successful patient outcomes as well as the decrease in hospital readmissions may sway the opinion of doctors regarding APN practice. Include Medicare and private insurance coverage of APN’s. Refer to evidence based practices to justify coverage. In order to institute IOM’s reform it is imperative the role of the nurse also transition into that of a leader. The development of leadership skills should be instilled at every level of nursing education and clinical mileu. The educational curriculum needs to incorproate theory and business practices, exposure to political dynamics, and management of multifocal relationships to ensure competency in high level collaborative skills (O’Grady, 2011). We will be responsible for assessing and implementing change in patient centered care systems which requires full partnership with other disciplines to reform policy. It is time for nurses to shape policy rather than conforming to it. As the population grows, and demographics shift to include a vast number of geriatric patients, the need for health care reform is imperative to provide optimal patient care. The IOM’s report recognizes the integral role nurses play in our healthcare system. The IOM suggests changes in areas such as education, leadership, and scope of practice to safegaurd the future of healthcare. Implementing these suggestions will transform the role of the nurse into a competent leader who is responsible for health policy change, and an educator to patients, family, and community. It is time we take responsibility for change rather than accept it for what it is. References Holmes, A. M. (2011, April). Future of nursing special: Transforming education. Nursing Management, 42. 34-38. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1150962an=00006247-201104000-00008Journal_ID=Issue_ID= IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011, October 05). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx OGrady T. P. (May, 2011). Future of nursing special: Leadership at all levels. Nursing Management,42. 32-37. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=1163290 Ridge, R. (2011, June). Future of nursing special: Practicing to potential. Nursing Management, 42.32-37. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1176058an=00006247-201106000-00008Journal_ID=Issue_ID= Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (2014, September 27). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Workforce planning: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workforce_planningoldid=627275816

Examining The Sharia Law Religion Essay

Examining The Sharia Law Religion Essay For each, we have appointed a divine law and a traced-out way. Had God willed, He could have made you one community. But that He may try you by that which He has given you. So vie one with another in good works. Unto God you will all return, and He will then inform you of that wherein you differ. Quran, 5:48 Introduction After the tragic events of 9/11, Islam has predominantly been under increased enquiry and scrutiny. The status of women has been targeted greatly, often labelling Islam as oppressive towards women. History In Arabic, Sharia literally means the way to the watering hole, symbolically meaning that in the harsh and difficult environment of the Arabian desert, following the path to the watering hole would ensure survival. Hence, in a religious context, if the Sharia was followed devotedly then it would lead the faithful into a pleasurable afterlife. Sharia Law (or Islamic Law) is based up two foundations: The Quran which Muslims believe to be the direct word of God sent down from Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammed. The second foundation is the Sunnah and Haddith. The Sharia is un-codified yet systematic legal system. Un-codified because it has not been written down or collected to create one or more authoritative legal manuals, but nevertheless it is systematic because it is a comprehensible system of doctrines based on religious beliefs. It is essential to understand that although the Sharia is systematic legal system, it does not have clear and well defined sets of rules and regulations that can be easily applied to real life situations. This is where the role of the Ulama (religious scholars) is vital, because they are ones who dedicate their lives to studying the Sharia and therefore gain the authority to interpret the Sharia to resolve legal problems and apply it to real life situations. As the scholar Knut S. Vikor describes: The Sharia is best understood as a shared opinion of the [Islamic] community, based on a literature that is extensive, but not necessarily coherent or authorized by any single body. Believers of Islam believe that the Prophet Mohammed (c. 570 632) was the last and greatest of the Prophets that God has sent to reveal the Holy Quran. They believe that his teachings complement and clarify the messages of earlier prophets whose message were held to be distorted or lost over the years. The Prophet Mohammed is regard as the ultimate role model and his life is an example to Muslims on how the ideal Islamic life should be lead but they do not worship him. On the contrary, they believe from the Holy Quran, that Angel Gabriel revealed verbally to the Prophet Mohammed, that God is omnipotent, unique, ascribing no partners and no equal, thus Muslims never treat the Prophet as a Divinity. Prophet Mohammed was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around c. 570. As he became older, he became a trader and by the age of 25 he married Khadija bint Khuwaylid, a rich businesswoman who was 15 years his senior. In around 610, Mohammed was meditating alone in a cave and according to Haddith complied by al-Bukhari, Angel Gabriel in the form of a man appeared before the Prophet. Gabriel ordered Mohammed: Recite! Mohammed replied: I am not able to read. The angel then gave him a bone-crushing embrace that it reached the limit of his endurance and then released him. Again the angel ordered him: Recite! Mohammed again replied: I am not able to read. After a third embrace and release, the angel ordered Mohammed: Recite! Mohammed then recited the following: Recite in the name of thy Lord who created- created man from clots of blood. Recite! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One, who by the pen taught man what he did not know. This then was the first revelation of the Holy Quran which later formed the first opening verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the Quran. It took a period of 23 years for the entire revelation of the Holy Quran to form as we know it today. According to Muslims, they believe that the Prophet himself was illiterate and therefore his literate followers would write the revelations with whatever they could place their hands on, pieces of paper, stones, palm-leaves, shoulder-blades, ribs, and bits of leather. An authoritative version of the Quran was produced after the Prophets death in 632. The Quran The Quran consists of 144 Surahs which, instead of being placed in chronological order, they are grouped in order of their length where the longer chapters at the beginning and shorter chapters towards the end (with the exception of the opening chapter Al-Fathia). And although the basis of Sharia comes partly from the Holy Quran, in actuality it does not contain many exact rules of law. According to the scholar Mohammed Hashim Kamali, he concluded that less than 3 percent of the Holy Quran actually dealt with legal matters. These findings were also corroborated with another scholar by the name of N.J. Coulson who also concluded that: The Quran is in no sense a comprehensive legal code. No more than 80 verses deal strictly with legal matters; while these verses cover a wide range of topics and introduce many novel rules, their general effect is simply to modify the existing Arabian customary law in certain important particulars. Despite the low numbers of legal rulings from the Quran itself, it is the legal principles in which the Holy Quran brings forward that creates the fundamental nature of Sharia Law and that Muslims jurists draw from the moral and ethical values, which forms the Islamic message that comes from the Holy Quran, to make judgements and informed opinions on many legal matters that the Quran does not cover. For example, the main theme that is seen throughout the Holy Quran is Justice (Adl) and this plays a central part in the Sharia. Adl literally means placing things in the right place where they belong. The Sharia tries to establish Adl by adjudicating grievances and arbitrating disputes to the individuals involved, but also seeks to institute Adl as a whole throughout the community by establishing equilibrium of benefits and advantages in society. We sent our Messengers with evidences and revealed the Book and the balance through them so as to establish justice among people 57:25 Holy Quran. The Quranic standards of Justice are objective and irrespective of tribal, racial, national, national or religious backgrounds and differences. There at least fifty- three illustrations in the Holy Quran where people are addressed to be just to others at all levels, in personal or public affairs, in words and conducts, with friends or foes, Muslim or non-Muslim, all must be treated in fairness and with justice. O believers! Stand out firmly for justice as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourself, your parents and relatives and whether it be against rich or poor. 4:135 Holy Quran. And when you speak (make sure that you) speak with justice. 6:152 Holy Quran. The Sharia does not only controls legal rights and responsibilities of the Muslim people, but it also provides moral guidance of life and human activity in general. Thus the Sharia is split into two main classifications Ibadat (devotional matters) and muamalat (civil transactions). Ibadat is the rules concerning matters and the relationship between man and God. It is important to note that these religious obligations are directed towards the individual and fall outside the scope of the courts jurisdiction. Whereas muamalat is concerned with the separation of the Right of God (haqq Allah: which refers to the rights of the community or public rights) and the Right of Man (haqq al-abd: which refers to private rights). Under the umbrella of Ibadat, there are the 5 legal pillars of Sharia: [a] The testimony that there is no god but God and that Mohammed is the Messenger of God (Shahadatayn); [b] The performance of prayer (Salat); [c] The payment of alms-tax (Zakhat): [d] The performance of pilgrimage (Hajj); and finally [e] fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm). Here Islam focuses in instilling qualities of justice, trustworthiness, and righteousness through these acts of devotion (Ibadat). Ibadat are part of educating the believer to refrain from causing harm to others and purifying the mind and heart from corruption, selfishness and over indulgence in material purists. Surely prayer keeps one away from indecency and evil, and certainly the remembrance of God s the greatest (form of devotion) 29:45 Holy Quran. Furthermore, performing Salat in congregation enforces the doctrine of unity, equality and solidarity among worshipers. These doctrines are continually present in the rest of the legal pillars; fasting, alms-tax, and the performance of the pilgrimage all teach self disciple, sacrifice, and sensitivity towards others. More importantly, there is a greater emphasis on teaching avoidance of lying, degrading conduct, hypocrisy, oppression and so on. The Sunnah Haddith After the Holy Quran, the next authority of the Sharia is the Sunnah and Haddith. The Sunnah in Arabic is translated to the trodden path and is the teachings of Prophet Mohammed which contains the legal, religious and social duties of Islam. The Haddith is the traditions and sayings of the Prophet which was preserved by his closest Companions. The Haddith and Sunnah are both very much intertwined and therefore extremely difficult to separate. The difference between the two is that the Haddith are based on the life of the Prophet Mohammed and therefore makes a biographical basis of Sharia Law. The Sunnah is then the formation of the religious, social and legal obligations initially deriving from the Haddith. There are several thousand Haddith collections, with al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) are considered to be the most reliable Haddith collectors in Sunni Islam who listed around 16,475 Haddith combined (which in their entirety exceeded half a million) . Shia Islam has four official collections of its own. The main criticism of these collections of Haddiths is that because it has been passed from generation to generation, it could have been transmitted via a defective and interrupted chain of transmitters or it could be well known that the Haddith comes from an unreliable and untrustworthy transmitter and therefore the Haddith can be deemed undependable as a source of law. Fiqh Fiqh is defined as a system created in accordance to the principles laid out by revelations and the Prophets example. It is a term often used together as equal to Sharia and but not necessarily the same. Where the Sharia comes from mainly divine revelations in the Quran, Sunnah and the Haddith, Fiqh comes from human understanding and knowledge that is developed by legal schools, individual jurists and judges through legal reasoning and issuing a legal verdict (fatwa). Thus Fiqh is described as mere superstructure and a practical manifestation of commitment to the values of morality and faith and as a result created a basic scheme and scale of values in which human conduct could be evaluated: Obligatory (Wajib), Recommended (Mandub), Permissible (Mubah), Reprehensible (Makruh) and Forbidden (Haram). Only the Obligatory and Forbidden categories of the scale are legal and actually derive from the Quran and Sunnah, whereas the other three are non-legal and supplementary to aid believers and promote moral virtues. Legal Reasoning by Analogy (Qiyas) Qiyas is the way in which Sunni legal scholars can apply traditional laws that derives from the Quran, Sunnah and Haddith by defining laws from a known ruling to a new ruling. (Shiite scholars on the other hand reject Qiyas as a source of law.) The best example that shows legal reasoning can be shown from the Quranic ruling on the prohibition of wine. Wine and games of chance, idols and divining arrows, are abominations devised by Satan. Avoid them, so that you may prosper. 5:90 Holy Quran. From this Quranic verse, we see the legal ruling on the consumption of wine and by analogy, if wine made from grapes are forbidden, then wine made from dates are forbidden as well, as it too can cause intoxication. We can deduct from this analogy by using the same Quranic verse that the use of narcotics are also illegal as it too can cause intoxication and so on.

Promote Children’s Welfare and Well Being in the Early Years

EYMP 3: Promote children’s welfare and well being in the early years 1. Welfare requirements were bought in, in September 2008 as part of the EYFS welfare requirements and are compulsory. Theses are split into 5 groups, which our operational planning covers. Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare has legal and statutory guidance general legal requirements cover and the provider must take necessary steps to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.The provider must promote the good health of children and take necessary steps to prevent cross infections, and take appropriate action when they are ill. Children’s behaviour must be managed effectively and in a manner appropriate for their stage of development and particular individual needs. Specific legal requirements and statutory guidance covers safeguarding, information and complaints, premises and security, outings, equality of opportunities. Medicines, illness and injuries, food and drink, smoking, b ehaviour management. 2.The lines of reporting and responsibility in the work setting. In my staff handbook has how to report and my responsibility in my setting. Attached to this document. 2. 2 Explain systems for supporting children’s safety when: ? When receiving children into the setting we make sure they come in with a parent/carer. We ensure every child has the correct clothing and footwear for the appropriate weather. When receiving new children to join the setting all the correct paperwork is filled in the parents and child have settling in sessions.If a child has certain people that cannot pick them up we ensure people picking up that child are checked at the gate and I. D is checked we have passwords and photos of parents and carers. ? When a child leaves nursery at the end of the day we ensure they leave with a parent/carer if another person is picking up the nursery make sure everyone’s seen a photo of that person and a password is given at the gate their I. D is also checked, this all has to be confirmed with a parent/carer before pick up. Each child is then signed out by a parent/carer and signed ut by staff on a register. ? During offsite visits each child is either in a buggy or were a high visibility jacket with the teddies number on the back and each child wears a wrist strap attached to a member of staff. The ratio on a walk is 1. 2 on each walk there needs to be a head of unit, first aider, first aid bag, evacuation bag, water and phones. A register is taken every 15mins on a outing and a walks form is filled out of who is going on a walk, the ratio, time of departure and returning and were the walk is. . 4 Explain giving examples, why minimum requirements for space and staff ratios and necessary for children’s safety. ? The space in each room in nursery is necessary for children’s safety. In all the rooms below the age of three have a capacity of 12 children to four members of staff. In a room above three years o ld is a capacity of 20 children with for members of staff. If there is to many children in a room it would become unsafe for the children as there wouldn’t be enough room to play and take part in activities.If a room is over crowded for the amount of children it can cause more accidents, staff may not be able to care to a high standard. ? Staff ratio is very important for a child’s safety. The ratio for 0 – 2 years is 1:3, 2 – 3 is 1:4 and 3 years above is 1:8 this is set by the government and ofsted. This is to allow each practitioner to look after a correct amount of children at a safe level to ensure each child’s needs are met and not put in danger.

Management of a Software Development Project Essay

Introduction Many years ago, general services offered by hotels like dinner reservations, room reservations and other services were done manually. Most hotels used books, ledgers and papers to record names of guests, their duration of stay and contact details. This required a lot of effort and time. Since the advent of the information age however, dynamic and interactive websites have been introduced which have more efficient and faster technological features and capabilities for the management of hotel services. For any business to remain competitive, it is necessary to maintain an online presence in order to reach out to customers all over the world and compete on a global platform. Reservations and payments are now done online to ensure that conduction of business is faster and more convenient for customers. Definition of Project Management A project is a temporary endeavor that is done to generate a unique product or service (Duncan 1996). Project Management is an activity that involves the overall supervision, management and co-ordination of all activities related to accomplishing a set activity. It always has a start and a finish date. According to Whitten, Project Management is a process that starts at the beginning of a project, is conducted throughout a project and doesn’t end until after the project is completed (2001).   According to Duncan (1996), Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to activities to fulfill stakeholders’ needs and expectations. It usually involves finding a balance among scope, time, cost, quality, and varying expectations of stakeholders. Another definition of Project Management is â€Å" the process of scoping, planning, staffing, conducting, directing, and managing the development of a system at an affordable cost within a specified time frame† (Whitten, Bentley & Dittman 2001, p.124). Importance of Project Management According to Dr Malcolm Wheatley, â€Å"Project management as a management discipline, supports much economic activity.† In major industries like Information Technology, Software Development, Construction, Pharmaceuticals, and Aerospace, project management is fundamental. Project Management is also important in governments that have set goals and milestones which can only be achieved with effective management practices. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the US Department of Commerce, estimated in 2001 that the US companies spend $2.3trn on projects every year (2000).   Project management is important in any economic activity because it ensures adequate planning, scheduling and successful execution of a project; it also helps to reduce possible risks associated with a project and ensure minimal hitches. Project Management is indeed important to every economy. Many projects fail because of poor knowledge of Project Management concepts. Its relevance cannot be over emphasized. Role of the Project Manager The project manager is in charge of daily management and supervision of the project. He manages the project to ensure that things go according to plan. He also communicates with all stakeholders and project team members to ensure that there’s a clear understanding of general requirements. The project manager confirms users’ requirements to make sure that these requirements are incorporated into the end-product. A project manager engages in scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, scheduling, directing, controlling and closing a project (Whitten 2001, p.127). Swot Analysis The Regency Hotels has several strengths that serve as advantages. It has the potential to expand its services to customers internationally due to the number of branches it has, internet availability and its unique services. It is also strategically located, can leverage on its positioning and has a wide customer base. Its two major weaknesses are: 1) it has a static website which cannot provide interactive functions like online payments, online reservations, message boards, fan clubs, and so on. 2) It does not have skilled IT staff in-house that can manage the online system when it is eventually deployed. There are however, opportunities for it to become one of the best hotels in the world by maintaining a consistent and interactive global presence.   Increased competition is the major threat to Regency Hotels. Most hotels today, have a strong online presence that offers customers various services that make their experiences with the hotel more memorable and convenient, like booking and paying online. Regency Hotels is yet to rise to the challenge. Development methodology The software development methodology to be adopted for the production of this system is the waterfall method. This is an approach to software development that specifies that a project should be grouped into phases and one phase must be completed before the next. The project is carried out in a logical manner through a pre-determined number of steps. This method is preferred because the duration of the project is only two weeks and the requirements are clear.   With the waterfall method, project reviews are conducted between stages, which represent milestones. This provides an organized scenario that ensures required documentation and quality management of the developed application is carried out (Sorensen 1995). Project Scope The project scope definition involves clarifying the boundaries of the project. Regency Hotels in addition to available technological features like retrieving customers’ information, billing, checking for room availability, desires a system with added capabilities of online booking and payment. This project involves building a system that can accept online booking and payment options by customers. A portal will be developed to include the following features: Online reservations, online payment, checking room availability, checking in, checking out, discussion group and general information on the hotel. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) will be added to the website to provide for added security when paying online; search functions will be provided on web pages to check for room availability and booking; e-mail and discussion group facilities will be included to facilitate communication between customers and the hotel; and other technological features from the available website will be incorporated into the new portal to ensure that a robust system that meets the expectations of Stakeholders at Regency Hotels is built. The final system will be deployed at the hotel and tested. Staff members that need to be trained will be identified and educated on how to use the system. The change management process will be made easier for staff of Regency Hotel by ensuring that they are adequately trained, resources are provide to assist them, and maintenance/ support plans are put in place. Result of using COCOMO model to estimate effort, duration and number of people required. The Constructive Cost Model, known as COCOMO was developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It is based on the waterfall model and is used for estimating the number of person and months needed to develop software. It also estimates the development schedule in months. The development mode for this project is organic because it is a small and straight-forward one. A small team with sufficient experience work together to develop the portal system (Merlo-Schett 2002). COCOMO is defined in terms of three basic models: The Basic model, the Intermediate model and the detailed model. The KDSI is the size of the project in Kilo delivered source instructions. These are source lines that are created by the project team. Using the Intermediate COCOMO I, calculation is done as follows: Required: Portal system for online payment and booking Development Effort (MM) = a * KDSI b Effort and development Time (TDEV) =     2.5 * MM c With organic mode of development, a = 3.2, b = 1.05, c = 0.38 4 modules to implement: Data entry – 0.5 KDSI Data update – 0.3 KDSI Online Reservations – 0.8 KDSI Online Payment – 0.7 KDSI System SIZE 2.3 KDSI MM = 3.2 * 2.3 1.05   = 7.7 TDEV = 2.5 * MM c = 2.5* 7.7 0.38 = 5.4 (Project needs more than 5 months to complete) Number of people to be hired = MM/TDEV = 7.7/5.4 = 1.4 (This means that more than one team member is needed to execute the project). The major shortcoming of the above calculation is that value of the KDSI used is approximate (Merlo-Schett 2002). Hardware and Software Requirements At least four separate computers will be needed for building the portal, testing it and hosting it.   Softwares like Macromedia Dreamweaver, Java, PHP, SQL Server and Visual Basic .NET will be needed for building the portal. A central server for hosting and managing user connections to the portal will also be required.   Work Breakdown Structure Work Breakdown Structure shows the hierarchical decomposition of projects into phases, activities and tasks (Whitten 2001, p.135). SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify sponsors and stakeholders 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meet with sponsors and stakeholders to clarify system requirements 1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Produce Software Requirements Specification Draft 1.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sign-off on software requirements TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICATION 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine hardware and software needed for developing the system 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Procure hardware and software needed for system development 2.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Set-up hardware and software for use SCOPE MANAGEMENT 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop a written scope statement as a basis for future project decisions 3.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Verify Scope of the Project with sponsors 3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perform Scope Change Control to prevent scope creep COST & SCHEDULE MANAGEMENT 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop an estimate of project costs 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Meeting with Stakeholders to agree on cost and deadline 4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Receive Payment from Stakeholders 4.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allocate cost estimates to individual work items 4.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate actual versus projected schedule 4.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control changes to project budget to avoid going over the budget 4.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compare actual and budgeted costs 4.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Development 4.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Control HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PHASE 5.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify Project Roles/Conduct Organizational Planning 5.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine Skills of People needed to develop system 5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine number of people to work on the project 5.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recruit Project Team Members 5.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engage staff with appropriate skills 5.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop individual and group skills to enhance project performance ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT PHASE 6.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop activity list for project team members 6.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sub-divide major project deliverables into smaller components 6.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assign Team Members to tasks and deliverables 6.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervise activities within the project team 6.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate Performance and Productivity 6.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Update activity list as necessary 6.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct meetings and review status reports on software development PROJECT OFFICE ADMINISTRATION 7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attend to daily activities or events concerning the project 7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General project supervision PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS 8.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine information and communication needs of stakeholders 8.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide information to stakeholders in a timely fashion 8.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Put contact details of all team members and stakeholders into the database 8.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Performance reporting to stakeholders through status reports, progress measurement and forecasting 8.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Set up meetings with project team members 8.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop status reports for the project RISK MANAGEMENT 9.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify all possible risks within the project and effects on project 9.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Define steps for responding to threats 9.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respond to changes in risks during the course of the project QUALITY MANAGEMENT 10.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify quality standards relevant to the project and how to satisfy them 10.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate overall project performance 10.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Define Quality Assurance Specifications 10.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Code and check the system for compliance with quality standards 10.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Test System to make sure it fits clients’ requirements Hand-Over of Project 11.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensure adherence to client requirement 11.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct Customer Acceptance Tests 11.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Review Software User Manuals 11.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sign off & Certify Solution Development 11.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Submit Project Close-out Report 11.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Terminate Project Project scheduling (Please refer to attached Microsoft Project document for dependency between activities, network diagram, critical path and Gantt chart) A Project network diagram displays the logical relationships of project activities. A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that shows tasks against timelines. Each bar is equivalent to a project task. Gantt charts show, tasks that can be performed at the same time (Whitten 2001, p.128).Any tasks on the critical path cannot be delayed. Name of Activity  Ã‚      Duration Starting Date    Finishing Date    Software Requirement Specification 1 Day Wed 4/23/08 Wed 4/23/08 Technology Specification       1 Day Thu 4/24/08 Thu 4/24/08 Scope Management       10 Days    Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08       Cost & Schedule Management       12 Days Wed 4/23/08 Thu 5/8/08 Human Resources Management Phase 8 Days Wed 4/23/08 Fri 5/2/08       Activity Management Phase       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Project Office Administration       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Project Communications       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Risk Management       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Quality Management       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Hand-Over of Project       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Possible risks related to the software development project Every project has its own share of risks. Risks associated with this project are outlined below: The period of time given for the execution of the project is short. The COCOMO model shows that a project of such magnitude requires at least 5 months for completion. There is a risk of the project exceeding the time frame allocated by the stakeholders. User requirements may change or expand during the duration of project. There is a risk of having to accommodate changes to the design of the portal. This is known as scope creep and may affect the schedule and budget (Whitten 2001). With the obvious need to procure softwares for the development of the portal system, resources like time and money may not be sufficient. There is a risk of taking short cuts around the system development methodology in order to meet the deadline and not exceed the budget. This might affect the quality of the final product. Another potential risk is that of feature creep. This refers to the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system that is being developed without regard to schedule and budget (Whitten 2001, p.125). A portal system is a robust application that is designed to fulfill various needs of an organization. The temptation to add more features is always a prevalent risk There is the risk of a team member resigning from the project. This will cause a considerable loss of time. There is also the risk of insufficient communication within the project team which may lead to misunderstanding of customers’ requirements, and cause a deviation from the project plan, budget and schedule. Project Monitoring Project monitoring involves supervising the project throughout its lifecycle. This is important in order to know how things are going and to solve any problem that may arise during the course of the project. This can be done via meetings, emails, reports on progress and finances and also by observing project management best practices. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applying the principles of Project Management to the development of the portal system at Regency Hotels will go a long way to ensure that the objectives are met on time, within budget and that the software product will be of the desired quality. Project Management is a crucial practice that should be encouraged in every sector of the economy. It ensures that money, energy and time are not wasted on failed projects. With sufficient project management practices in place, stakeholders and contractors can conduct businesses without bothering about the hitches involved with long-term projects. Regardless of the end product, which could be a new service, product or knowledge, project management ensures that a successful outcome is achieved within the available resources and time frame. References Whitten, JL, Bentley, LD, & Dittman, KC 2001, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, 5th edn, Mc Graw-Hill, New York. Wheatley, M 2000, The Importance of Project Management, Project Smart. Available from: [22 April 2008] Sorensen, R 1995, A comparison of Software Development Methodologies, Software Technology Support Centre. Available from: [24 April 2008] Duncan, WR 1996, A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMI Standards Committee. Available from: [24 April 2008] Merlo-Schett, N 2002, ‘COCOMO Constructive Cost Model’, Proceedings of the seminar cost estimation W 2002/2003, pp. 1-24. Available from: [22 April 2008].   

Feminism in Antigone and Medea Essay Example

Feminism in Antigone and Medea Essay Example Feminism in Antigone and Medea Paper Feminism in Antigone and Medea Paper Essay Topic: Antigone Medea Feminism has always been an intense and debated subject. Many renowned authors have written works in favour of it. Two of them were Euripides and Anouilh, who depicted two strong women, Antigone and Medea. In spite of living in fifth century Greece where women had little or no rights at all, they defied men in power. By doing this they proved womens equality to men. In this respect they were both feminists. Both plays show feministic traits and at the same time show anti-feministic ones. In this essay I will investigate these traits. The main theme in Medea is feminism. Through the character of Medea, Euripides promotes his ideas on feminism to the traditional Greek society. Medea is a strong willed woman. She will do anything to get her will and no man can stop her. When she still loved Jason she went as far as killing her own kin for him. When Jason later wants to get rid of her and Creon wants to expel her from the country, she does not let them treat her as a helpless puppy and defeat her. To avenge herself on Jason for betraying her after all she has done for him, and Creon for giving his daughters hand in marriage to Jason and wanting to expel Medea, she kills not only Creon and his daughter but also her own two sons, just to make Jason suffer even more. She is constantly dominating her situation, using her cleverness and getting exactly what she wants. One example of this is when she says to Creon: Allow me to remain here just for this one day, so I may consider where to live in my exile. : Thus she persuades him, by playing on his emotions and weaknesses, to let her stay in the country long enough to carry out her plans, although Creon hates her and wants her out of the country as soon as possible. Or when she makes Aegeus swear that he will give her exile. Another example of this is when she makes Jason believe she has no objections to his marriage with Creusa, in order to make Jason let her sons enter the palace to give the bride her present. Jason however is shown to hold almost no power at all throughout the play and cannot do anything to stop Medea from ruining his life and escaping unpunished. In many ways Medea is masculine. She is fearless in opposing powerful men like Creon and her father. She expresses that she wishes to be treated like a man when she says: I would very much rather stand three times in front of a battle than bear one child. This is also the case when she says Or sharpen a sword and thrust it to the heart She is brutal and cold-hearted. It is not usual of a woman to kill her own brother and children. The chorus in Medea represents the women of the society. The chorus expresses Euripides feministic views. They support her and sympathize with her. They even encourage her to avenge Jasons infidelity by saying she has the right to do it and continually condemning men who are unfaithful to their women. Although Medea has all these pro-feministic traits, there are characteristics of hers that are not so much in the favour of feminism. Western cultural tradition has helped assure male rule by constantly associating men with reason, objectivity, logic and the like, while women are linked to the body, matter, evil, emotions, an absence of logic and reason and the like. Medeas behaviour is based on emotions, which is one of the characteristics chauvinists associate women with. Her actions are the result of her strong emotions. She is a passionate person who follows her heart no matter the consequences. When she betrays her father and kills her brother she is blinded by her love for Jason. Later when she is full of fury and rage as a result of Jasons disloyalty she thinks of nothing but revenge. In her outrage she kills among others, two innocent children. She shows traces of evil in her lack of sympathy for others and her selfishness. She is not rational. She does not reflect wisely on her actions and acts impulsively. Having these qualities she does not make a good feministic role model. Anouilh did not write Antigone for feministic purposes as Euripides did. Still it is appreciated by many as a contribution to feminism. This is due to Antigones strong character. Feminism was a more familiar concept in Anouilhs time i. e. the twentieth century. Many a person has characterised Antigone as a true feminist. One reason for this is that she does not accept the boundaries the patriarchal society has set for her as a woman. She will not get married just to get some children and be the maid of the house. She expresses her opinions, even if they are contrary to that of the king, a man. When Creon makes a law that contradicts the divine law that states for all persons to be buried properly, she will not remain silent. More importantly, Creons prohibition of Polynices burial is against all she values, believes in, and lives for, therefore she will go against it even if it means death. Even as a child Antigone was different from other little girls. She played with water and earth, gave all her money to beggars, ate out of every dish at once and ran in the wind so fast that she fell down. Since then they have tried to tame her. But now she can be herself for the first time. When trying to talk her out of burying her brother Ismene says: its all very well for men to believe in ideas and die for them. But you are a girl! In answer to that Antigone replies: Havent I spent my life cursing the fact that I was a girl? Ismene is the typical girl, who spends much time on her appearance, is obedient, keeps on reminding Antigone that she cannot do this and that because she is only a girl, and is afraid of what Creon might do to them. Antigone is the opposite of Ismene. She does not pay attention to her looks, is neither docile nor silent because she is a girl, and is not afraid of Creon; she is brave. When Creon tries to belittle her by saying: You amuse me. Antigone answers: Oh, no, I dont. I frighten you God! Is there anything uglier than a frightened man This shows that she does not fear him and says whatever she wants to him, and is his equal. But, there are also some of Antigones actions that a feminist would not approve of. For example, that she respects her brothers because they are men. When Creon says: And later on, when they came home, wearing evening clothes, smoking cigarettes, they would have nothing to do with you; and you thought they were wonderful. Antigone replies: They were boys and I was a girl. Antigone knows that her brothers were corrupt, but nevertheless she was in awe of them. Antigone tells Ismene that she has spent her entire life cursing the fact that she was a girl. A feminist would say that she should be proud of being a woman. While both women are strong and brave feminists, they are quite different. Antigone is more good-natured, intelligent, rational and humane. She does not hurt anyone but herself willingly, and rebels against Creon for a good cause (her brothers and her own honour) she is therefore a heroine. Medea on the other hand is driven by emotion, she is barbaric, brutal, merciless and cold-hearted, and she is irrational and does not think of the consequences of her acts. Medea murders four innocent people just to get revenge for personal reasons, and is therefore a villain. Therefore Antigone makes a better feministic play than Medea, even though Medea was written for feministic reasons and Antigone by Jean Anouilh was written for political reasons and not feministic ones.