How Softball Is An Evolved Sport From Baseball - 2528 Words

Softball is an evolved sport from baseball that originated from Chicago, USA during the 1880’s, initially being a game played indoors. Its significant differences from baseball is that it uses a smaller bat head but a larger ball (2-3 inches bigger) which is also less dense, it has less innings (7 rather than 9). The layout of the field is more or less the same as Baseball with incorporations of the diamond shape and 4 bases. We have chosen softball as our sport as this game isn’t as commonly played in our class and most have foreign or little knowledge. Many know that it is fairly similar to baseball, although, it has it’s differences, we would like to teach and improve some general areas of softball throughout the duration of our coaching clinic. Equipment used: Softball Softball bat Softball glove/mit Bases Batting Helmet Catcher’s equipment (Helmets with face guards, mouth and throat guards, chest plate protectors, shin guards that pass the knees) Goals and aims for our Coaching Clinic: To teach our classmates how to correctly hold, grip and throw a softball, which will help in fielding skills To improve and increase ability of hand-eye coordination, practising at becoming better at catching the softball whilst handling the mitt. Build on teamwork and communication, the peers must learn to effectively signal and communicate amongst each other in order to tag players and achieve the most runs. Game rules: There are 7 innings in a softball game, each having 2 halves.Show MoreRelatedThe Gender Gap Between Men And Women1104 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviour is generally seen within the sports industry. 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For a relatively good treatment of Japans early baseball history see Robert Whitings Youve GottaRead MoreScheduling Classes, Athletic Events, and Extra Circular Activities1491 Words   |  6 Pageshas many responsibilities in managing a department that has many activities occurring each day. These activities are physical education classes, practice schedules and locations, meeting special needs students, coordinating game schedules for each sport, and finding time to mentor those within the department. Each area presents its own challenge to synergistically work with the available facilities that are availab le. Therefore, to be effective in creating a physical education program and athleticRead MoreHow Sports Networks Changed Over Time?1766 Words   |  8 PagesHow has the sports networks evolved over time? That’s a good question, have you ever thought about that? Like where it all started? Where it began? Who created networks for the world to see? I wonder that because without what they have done we couldn’t be where we are now with technology involving sports networks which would be behind. These people made sports better to watch, see, hear and listen to. Its makes people including me feel like i am at the game even though i may be at home just watchingRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On African American Youth, Intercollegiate, And Professional Level And How Systematic Slavery2136 Words   |  9 PagesSports in America evolved tremendously throughout history, in various ways but some of the more recent illustrations of growth have been media coverage, corporatization, and sport celebritization for example. With this in mind, the argument that is now present within the current sporting model is where is the integrity of sports. My belief is that it was lost in the transition of using sport for a source of entertainment. As the level of competiveness rises the more lucrative and entertaining theRead MoreAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis13423 Words   |  54 Pageslow-cost manufacturers located mainly in South East Asia, except for New Balance who manufactures its athletic shoes in the United States (IndexMundi). After completion of manufacturing, the shoes are distributed out to either brand specific stores, sports stores, department stores, or sold through online sales channels directly to the consumer. In order to create a more complete understanding of the athletic shoe industry, the below graph provides a visual of the market share breakdown by sales volumeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesrelevancy should attract re aders. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University Read MoreCollin Technologies Case Study Essay examples33525 Words   |  135 Pagesorganizations against the 2013–2014 Criteria for Performance Excellence, the application does not address all Criteria requirements or demonstrate role-model responses in all Criteria areas. Please refer to the Collin Technologies Feedback Report to learn how the organization scored and to see its strengths and opportunities for improvement. There is no connection between the fictitious Collin Technologies and any other organization, named either Collin  Technologies or otherwise. Except for several nationalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageswith teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA program and the University of Oregon Executive MBA program. He has been a member of the Portland, Oregon, chapter of the Project Management Institute since 1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna CollegeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Liberalism and The Industrial Revolution - 584 Words

During the Industrial revolution many people started to believe in the idea of Liberalism. At times it was difficult. People were imprisoned or persecuted because of their ideas. Riots even occurred because the government and some of the upper class would not stand for the Liberalists’ new ways to improve society. Aristocrats refused to change their ways. But through it all, liberalists persevered and brought about one of the largest changes in society that we are still experiencing even today. Liberalism started with the ideas of the Enlightenment. Two of these ideas were freedom of speech and freedom of the individual, and kept growing from there. Liberalism is the belief in a small central government and no monarchy. The liberalists defended the ideas of the definitive rights of an individual’s liberty, equality and property. The liberalists wanted their government to be established on written laws and a constitution based on equality. Throughout the whole Liberalism movement, there were many men who stepped forward to debate the idea of a free society. The aristocrats fought back saying that the lower class could not handle taking care of them selves and were not intelligent enough to make important decisions involving government. Others claimed that all men were created equal and should have the same rights and be free to express their ideas. There were pamphlets written and circulated which spread these ideas to people who were eager to hear them. This made theShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution : A Classical Liberalism1261 Words   |  6 Pages The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain bought about significant changes, and had varying impacts on people depending on their economic status. It was a change that spread rapidly widening the gap between the rich and the poor wherever it developed. Although the industrial revolution enhanced production, increased employment opportunities and resulted in high generation of revenues, it also negatively affected various industries given that most of the trust, conglomerate and holdingRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The 19th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesEurope in the nineteenth-century was rapidly evolving into a more modernized society, and many political and cultural ideas were developing during this change. The Industrial Revolution triggered an enormous increase of the standard of living throughout most of Europe and North America. The transformation from the old style of hand made production to the new factory system caused many industries to build factories. This caused many people of the working class to move to the factories in search ofRead More Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesModern Political Thoery and Liberalism The subject given for this paper was to â€Å"assess the alienation from liberalism found in modern and contemporary political theory.† To be honest, I don’t see a correlation with alienating liberalism and modern political thought through the time line of political theory in the 18th and19th century and through the 20th century. So, for this paper, I will prove the opposite. I will show, in my opinion, how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporaryRead MoreCauses Of The Revolutions Of 1848870 Words   |  4 Pages The Revolutions of 1848 were the result of the social, economic, and political stress placed upon Europe during the nineteenth century which caused multiple uprisings to rival the conservative system. Europe, in the early 1800s, saw the Industrial Revolution having a significant impact on previous social and political structures. In addition, the conservative monarchy during the time was fearful of the lower and middle classes establishing power over them, looking at the French Revolution in 1815Read MoreClassical Liberalism Is A Political Philosophy Originated1594 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Liberalism is a political philosophy originated in the 18th century based on the idea of individual liberty created to preserve an open and accepting, and open-minded society. Classical liberalism is very solemn when advocating for the value of freedom in which emphasizes the importance of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets which includes free trade market capitalism, and economi c liberalism. 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It embraced the ideas of individualism which were established in the Renaissance and Reformation era. The Renaissance period sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society. It helped promote the beliefs of classical liberalism which gradually

New Product and Services of Woolworths-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Develop Formal Business Plan around the business idea that you would implement. Answer: Introduction This report represents the business plan for Woolworth Limited. This business plan explains the vision, mission, and business background of the Woolworth Limited. It discusses the promotional techniques, marketing strategies, target market, and target consumers of Woolworth limited. This business plan also shows the action plan and budgets for Woolworth limited. It also demonstrates the operation plan for Woolworth limited (Bush and Glover, 2016). Description of Company Woolworth Limited is famous supermarket organization in Australia. It contracts with more than 995 stores across the Australia and operates with 116,000 employees. It enables group member to provide the wide range, convenience, value to their consumers, and high quality. An organization sources 100% of fresh meal and 97% of fresh fruit from the local farmer or grower of Australia (Spano-Szekely, et al., 2016). It feels good to the consumers who live in Australia by providing the organic foods product and services. Business idea Woolworth will launch organic food delivery app for the consumer who give priority to organic food. It could also be supportive to provide the healthy lifestyle. This app could be beneficial for both consumers and retailers view point because it offers the simply access and complete the consumer need and also develop more profit for Woolworth. This organic app will have certain features like location that will show the nearby supermarket, add to cart option, return option, pickup order, and product contains. Moreover, the consumer will be capable to get their desire product and services through this app (Abu-Shamaa, et al., 2015). Vision statement Woolworth limited offers an innovative app to their potential consumers for delivering services in limited time. Mission The main objective of the use of Woolworth app is to reach the organic food products to their specified consumer in less time and cost. Objectives To provide the quality service as compared to the competitors. It offers the service at a reasonable cost as compared to the competitors. Market Analysis Woolworth Limited can categorize their consumer on behalf of certain factors like demographic factor and behavioral factor (Ramli and Desa, 2014). These factors are discussed below: Customer demographics/ segmentation Woolworth Limited organization should provide quality product and services to their potential consumers. Due to this, the company can categorize their consumer on behalf of age, income, interest, and lifestyle. It could be effective for enhancing the financial performance of an organization. Moreover, an organization should offer 23% of minimum discount to the government employee at weekend (Wilderom, et al., 2015). An organization can segment their consumer on behalf of age like it can categorize the 16-26 and 26-39 years of individuals. Woolworth limited can choose this age group of individuals to provide the quality product at reasonable prices. It can also categorize their consumer on behalf their requirements as it could be significant to influence the consumer buying behavior (Ding, and George, 2014). Behavioural Segmentation Woolworth Limited can categorize their potential customers on behalf of their behavior regarding organic food product and services. An organization should classify their potential consumers to provide discount and retain them for long period. As a result, an organization would be capable to attract a large number of consumers in less time (Gephart and Marsick, 2016). Target market strategy Undifferentiated marketing strategy is used by Woolworth limited to make a unique image in the market.From this strategy, an organization can develop one product and influence their predetermined consumers by using single marketing mix. This strategy could be imperative for the organization because it helps to eliminate the fluctuation issue. It is also illustrated that Woolworth limited should execute this marketing strategy to deal with market variation issues (Sanda, et al., 2016). Moreover, the marketing strategy could also be vital for influencing the consumer buying behavior. Consequently, an organization will be capable to enhance their financial performance. The targeting strategy could be supportive to attract a large number of customers, which can affect the existing condition of the firm. Further, an organization should also use digital marketing tools to simply attract consumers. The primary aim of this strategy is to launch the goods and services amongst a huge number of consumers (Leow, et al., 2015). Key customers Woolworth limited can target their consumers on behalf of certain elements like demographic and behavioral. An organization should use the geographic factor by which they can segment those consumers who live in the urban area of Australia. Through the demographic factor, Woolworth limited will target both genders of consumers such as female and male because the organic food products are taken by both genders (ArunKumar, 2014). The company will consider 16-26 and 26-39 years of people to spread the awareness regarding product and services, which could influence the consumer buying behavior. Woolworth Limited will entail both level of people like upper and medium for enhancing the sale of product and services (Hollensen, 2015). Position your products and services Positioning plays an imperative role to improve the financial performance of the firm. It is also illustrated that once a company can make their unique image in the market consequently they can attract a huge number of consumers. Woolworth limited should provide an attractive discount on their product and services to their consumer for enhancing the growth of the firm. Further, this strategy will also help the organization to make a different image in the marketplace (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). Competitors There are different key competitors of Woolworths Ltd named Metcash Limited, ALDI Stores Supermarkets Pty Ltd, and Wesfarmers Limited. These firms deliver certain services like financial, beauty product, homeware, footwear, and groceries services to their potential consumers. Besides this, Woolworths Limited provides the organic food delivery services to their consumers (Armstrong, et al., 2015). Organic food delivery app will enable the organization to offer comfortable delivery options to their consumers like COD (cash on delivery), and OPD (online payment delivery). It should offer cost-effective organic food product and services that differentiate their image from the competitors in food retail industry (Keller and Kotler, 2016). SWOT Analysis Strengths Cost-effective Operation simplicity Quality product and services Decentralized structure Weaknesses Higher price Customer services (post-services) Lack of consumer satisfaction Opportunities Continue expansion Use of innovative techniques Customer relationship Threats Competitors pricing Changes in the technology Low brand loyalty Changes in the government food subsidies Management team Following chart shows the organizational structure of Woolworth Limited: (Source: Foxall, 2014). From the above chart, it is analyzed that marketing manager and office manager will report to the owner of the organization regarding their work. The event coordinator, salesperson, receptionist, and marketing manager will contact to both marketing and office manager. Thus, it is illustrated that marketing manager and office manager will assist the behavior and performance of subordinates and improve their performance through diverse tools and techniques (Foxall, 2014). Management Team The management team of an organization will make their best effort to gain the productivity of firm and enhance their profitability. The management team could be asset for the organization because they support to meet the organizational goal and gain competitive benefit. Names of owners Percy Christmas, Stanley Chatterton, Cecil Scott Waine, George Creed, and Ernest Williams are the founders of Woolsworth Limited. In addition, Gordon Cairns is a chairman of Woolworths Limited. Brad Banducci is a CEO of the organization. They are the key people in the organization. Details of management and ownership The owner of the organization will assist the CEO of the company to operate the business. Each key people of an organization play an imperative role in the workplace (Miquel-Romero, et al., 2014). The responsibility of CEO is discussed as below: Role in the business They support to develop the strategy of the company for enhancing the profitability of the organization. CEO leads the employee to implement the long and short-term strategy of an organization. T CEO leads human resource manager to hire the employee and terminate the employee on behalf of the norms and policy of the organization. The CEO ensures the expenditure or expenses on behalf of the budget of an organization. CEO evaluates the risk of the organization to enhance the growth of the firm. CEO makes policy to control the internal structure of an organization. They also help to make an effective relationship with consumers by directly communicate with a shareholder, stakeholder, consumers, and employee. It can support to gain the productivity of the firm. CEO contacts with the Chairmen to decide the time and place for conducting a meeting with the shareholder. Experience Gordon (Chairman): He has more than 30 years of experience in the retail sector. Brad (Managing Director): He has over 25 year of experience in the retail and 15 years of experience as a leading retails (Chernev, 2014). Products/services Product/Service Description Price Woolworth food app Through this, an individual would be capable to purchase goods and services of an organization on their desired time and place. It could be vital to deal a large number of people in less time and adequate resources. $8.0 Marketing Plan The marketing plan will support the organization that what will be achieved in the future. It will also help to gain the productivity of organization in the adequate resources. The following table demonstrates the marketing plan of Woolworth limited: Channel type Products/services Percentage of sales (%) Advantages Disadvantages Internet and Direct mail Woolworth organic food app To enhance the sale of organization by 15% through Woolworth app This app will support to directly deal with consumers for selling their product and services. Through this app, the organization will offer the organic food in the adequate time and cost to their potential consumers. An organization will face many challenges during the launching of product and services in the marketplace like cost and lack of skilled employee to influence the employee. An organization will use the digital marketing tools to spread the awareness towards the product and services of organization and get a competitive benefit. Advertising and sales Woolsworthlimited will use many kinds of promotional strategy to promote their product and services. The following table shows the promotional strategy of Woolworth organic food app: Planned promotion /advertising type Expected business improvement Cost ($) Target date An organization will use certain promotional methods such as print media advertising, mail-out, social media campaign, digital marketing tools and techniques, online advertising, and media release. It will support to collect the opinion and perception of consumers regarding product and services. It will help to spread the awareness towards the product and services among the competitors. As a result, the company will gain their productivity and profitability of an organization. $500,000 21 Jan 2018 Sales and marketing objectives An organization should believe that consumers are a valuable asset for the firm. The organization should use digital marketing tools to which directly community with consumers. It will also help the firm to understand the actual need and interest of people, which can lead to enhance the sale of an organization. KPI (Key Performance Indicators and timeframe) Key Performance Indicators and timeframe timeframe Sales target of $12,000 Monthly Financial Plan The following table demonstrates the financial plan for Woolsworth organic food app: New Organic food delivery service (Woolworths): Resource Requirements Resources Amount ($) Stores and Supplies 30,000.00 Machinery 40,000.00 Equipment 30,000.00 Food delivery man (10 workers*$4,000) 40,000.00 Human resource manager (2 officials*$10,000) 20,000.00 Working capital 40,000.00 Total Start-up cost 200,000.00 Legal Requirements An organization should consider different kinds of laws such as goods and services tax administration act 1999, labor law, Competition and consumers act 2010, and specific business laws. These laws will help the organization to attract a huge number of consumers and retain them for the long term. Moreover, it could be effective to enhance the growth of an organization and make a unique image in the market (Armstrong, et al., 2015). Operations In the operation, an organization should consider different components such as production process, suppliers, plant and equipment. These are discussed as below: Production process Different parties will be involved to deliver the organic food service through Woolworth organic food apps such as distributions, retails, and wholesaler and delivery boy. Suppliers The distributions, retails, shopkeeper, and wholesaler will be supplier of organization, Plant and equipment Equipment Purchase date Purchase price Running cost Personnel computer Van 18/dec/2017 19/dec2017 $2100 $2000 $80 month $50 month An organization should use the advanced technology to launch their product and services in the specified market. It will also help the organization to make flexible operating process in the working place. This app will be effective for each season because the organic food can be consumed in all season. An organization should consider many communication channels for promoting their product and services such as digital marketing tool, telephone, direct marketing, telephone, direct and mail (Keller and Kotler 2016). These communication techniques will aid the organization to develop a robust relationship with the consumer and enhance their sale in adequate time and cost. Woolworth limited will use many kinds of payments method like Paypal, cash credit, cheque, and gift card. It will also enable the consumer to select the payment method as their convenience. Woolworth can also make a credit policy to avoid the uncertainty regarding credit and make a favorable relationship with customers. As a result, the company would be capable to generate their profitability. The company should also make and policy towards the warranty and refund to develop a unique image among the market players and get competitive benefits. Woolworth limited will obtain the higher profit from such kinds of policies. The company will also determine the quality of product that will be delivered to the consumers (Miquel-Romero, et al., 2014). Through this, an organization could be capable to enhance the productivity and gain competitive benefit in less time. Implementation Plan An organization will use the implantation plan to launch their new product and services. It could be imperative to gain the profitability and productivity of an organization in the adequate time and cost. The following table shows the implementation plan for Woolworth Limited: Activities Timelines Responsible person To enhance the gross profit and sales revenue of organization Selection of skilled person Improve the skills of employee through training and development method 6 months 5 months Human resource manager of company Keep superiority of goods and services Audit of preferred supplier product quality Quarterly Chief operating officer Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the company will use the STP strategies to categorize their customers for offering organic food products wherein it will segment 16-26 and 26-39 years of individuals of urban area to provide their services. It can also be summarized that an organization will also use the digital marketing tools such as Youtube, Facebook, Twitter, and snapchat to directly communicate with consumer and spread the awareness towards their product. It can also be explained that Internet and Direct mail method will be used by the organization to directly converse with targeted consumer. Finally, it can be concluded that total start-up cost for developing organic food delivery app would be $200,000.00. References Abu-Shamaa, R., Al-Rabayah, W. A., and Khasawneh, R. T. (2015)The effect of job satisfaction and work engagement on organizational commitment,IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,14(4), P. 7. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., and Brennan, R. (2015) Marketing: an introduction. USA: Pearson Education. ArunKumar, S. (2014)An Empirical Study: Relationship between Employee Motivation, Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment, International Journal of Management and Business Research,4(2), pp. 81-93. Baker, M. J., and Saren, M. (Eds.). (2016)Marketing theory: a student text. USA: Sage. Bush, T., and Glover, D. (2016) School leadership and management in South Africa: Findings from a systematic literature review,International Journal of educational management,30(2), pp. 211-231. Chernev, A. (2014)Strategic marketing management. USA: Cerebellum Press. Cherry, B., and Jacob, S. R. (2016)Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, and management. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Ding, F., Li, D., and George, J. F. (2014)Investigating the effects of IS strategic leadership on organizational benefits from the perspective of CIO strategic roles,Information and Management,51(7), pp. 865-879. Foxall, G. (2014) Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). UK: Routledge. Gephart, M. A., and Marsick, V. J. (2016) Strategic organizational learning. USA: Berlin, Germany: Springer. Hollensen, S. (2015) Marketing management: A relationship approach. USA: Pearson Education. Keller, K. L., and Kotler, P. (2016) Marketing management. USA: Pearson. Leow, K. L., Bahron, A., and Kong, V. (2015) Organizational commitment in the hypermarket industry: Today, tomorrow, and days to come,International Journal of Business and Information,6(2). Miquel-Romero, M. J., Caplliure-Giner, E. M., and Adame-Snchez, C. (2014) Relationship marketing management: Its importance in private label extension,Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp. 667-672. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. USA: Sage publications. Ramli, A., and Desa, N. M. (2014)The relationship between servant leadership and organizational commitment: The Malaysian perspectives,International Journal of Management and Sustainability,3(2), pp. 111-123. Sanda, M. A., Sanda, M. A., Kuada, J., and Kuada, J. (2016)Influencing dynamics of culture and employee factors on retail banks performances in a developing country context,Management Research Review,39(5), pp. 599-628. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015) Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. USA: Routledge. Spano-Szekely, L., Griffin, M. T. Q., Clavelle, J., and Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2016)Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in nurse managers.Journal of Nursing Administration,46(2), pp. 101-108. Wilderom, C. P., Hur, Y., Wiersma, U. J., Berg, P. T. V., and Lee, J. (2015) From manager's emotional intelligence to objective store performance: Through store cohesiveness and sales?directed employee behavior,Journal of organizational behavior,36(6), pp. 825-844

Singer Vs Regan Essays - Animal Rights, Animal Welfare, Bioethics

Singer Vs Regan Tom Rybak Phil 340-01 2000-02-03 Singer vs. Regan Despite their rather different philosophical foundations, both philosophers arrive at basically the same conclusions. Singer takes a utilitarian approach, while Regan takes a deontological rights and inherent value position. In the end they both take a position of vegetarianism and advocated banning animal experimentation and sport hunting. In an exchange of letters in the April 25, 1985 issue of The New York Review of Books, Regan writes: Singer and I have been independently applying and developing very different ethical theories to ... the treatment of non-human animals. He continues that it is difficult to exaggerate the radical moral difference between Singer's utilitarianism and the rights view. At the end of Singer's reply to Regan, Singer mentions: The practical value of Regan's book (All the dwell Therein) lies in its attack on our social practices of using animals as research tools and as mere lumps of palatable living flesh. On these practical issues Regan and I are in full agreement. Viewed from the perspective of a society which continues to accept these practices, the philosophical differences between us hardly matter. In 1975, Australian philosopher Peter Singer wrote a book called Animal Liberation. In this book Singer argued that humans should not use animals, all based on utilitarianism. Utilitarians say actions should be judged strictly by their consequences. An action is good if it will provide the greatest benefit to the largest number of individuals. Singer did not stop there, and said that when we calculate consequences, we must take into account the interests not only of human beings but also of animals. If we fail to consider these animals' interests, or if we give human beings special consideration, we are guilty of speciesism. To Singer, animal research is morally acceptable if the benefits to humans or animals used clearly outweigh the harm to the animals used in the research. He usually concludes that the cost to the animals outweighs the benefit to others. Singer's contender, Tom Regan set forth another animal rights view in a 1983 book, The Case for Animal Rights. Regan emphasizes that not only people, but also many animals are entitled to certain rights. He bases his reasoning on the idea that both humans and animals have an elementary understanding of the world and know generally what they desire from life. Regan's rights-based philosophy says that most mammals older than one year qualify for basic rights. Furthermore, Regan argues that it is wrong for humans to use animals for their own needs and in general, to deprive animals of their rights. Regan disagrees with Singer's utilitarian program for animal liberation. Regan allocates intrinsic value to animals and humans. This value describes the animals', or human's right to life and concern for them. Regan feels that the utilitarian view lacks this intrinsic value. In addition, he states the goals of his theologies: The total abolition of the use of animals in science, the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture, and the total elimination of commercial and sport hunting and trapping. In addition, he sees Singer's utilitarian view noted above, failing on two accounts. First, utilitarianism is concerned only with the desires of a being, e.g. such as the desire for pleasure. At the same time the view takes no regard for the inherent worth of these beings (human or animal). Second, Regan emphasizes the problem of utilitarianism that it would be morally permissible to arbitrarily make an individual suffer for the benefit of the greater good. Regan issues that the best theory of morality will be one that grants rights to all beings who have inherent worth. This prevents morality from becoming an exclusive club as in contractarianism, and does not allow individuals to be exploited on behalf of the greater good. Regan explains that a being has inherent worth when it is a subject of a life, or when the being has preferences, beliefs, feelings, recollections, and expectations. It has been noted that many animals exhibit these features and therefore have inherent worth. Regan criticizes alternative criteria of inherent worth. To say that only intelligent beings have inherent worth will exclude infants and mentally impaired people, which is inadequate. To say that only Homo Sapiens have